Durante la época colonial, en algunos países de Iberoamérica, se desarrolló un movimiento teológico que tuvo como centro el pensamiento escotista. Si bien la complejidad de las ideas de este franciscano abarcó muchos aspectos de las verdades de fe, su impronta se manifestó claramente en un poema escrito por un religioso chileno: Gregorio Farías. Este, siguiendo los parámetros de la épica heroica de corte sacro, dio a luz una obra conocida como la “Scotida”. Allí puso en valor el tema de (...) la Inmaculada Concepción antes de su promulgación dogmática, abordando los ejes que justifica su inclusión en el depósito de la fe. Este estudio analiza los aspectos mariológicos más relevantes de esta obra, anterior a la bula Innefabilis Deus.Durante la época colonial, en algunos países de Iberoamérica, se desarrolló un movimiento teológico que tuvo como centro el pensamiento escotista. Si bien la complejidad de las ideas de este franciscano abarcó muchos aspectos de las verdades de fe, su impronta se manifestó claramente en un poema escrito por un religioso chileno: Gregorio Farías. Este, siguiendo los parámetros de la épica heroica de corte sacro, dio a luz una obra conocida como la “Scotida”. Allí puso en valor el tema de la Inmaculada Concepción antes de su promulgación dogmática, abordando los ejes que justifica su inclusión en el depósito de la fe. Este estudio analiza los aspectos mariológicos más relevantes de esta obra, anterior a la bula Innefabilis Deus. (shrink)

Hace dos décadas se incorporó a la agenda pública el interés por el embarazo adolescente en tanto expresión de la pobreza y la vulnerabilidad de la población femenina juvenil. Este artículo presenta un análisis integral del problema a través de cuatro entradas: 1) un breve panorama de las políticas públicas adoptadas en estas dos décadas y diagnóstico que les dio origen; 2) profundiza en la magnitud del embarazo de mujeres menores de 20 años (a partir de datos sobre embarazadas y (...) no del número de hijos nacidos vivos de madres) y compara tres registros: 1995-1996 -Censo de alumnas embarazadas en el sistema escolar, MINEDUC-; 2006 y 2009 -CASEN, registro de menores de 20 años embarazadas-; 3) Profundiza en las vulnerabilidades de estas jóvenes a partir de testimonios sobre el sentido y ejercicio de la sexualidad en la experiencia juvenil; 4) Plantea que la condición de madre adolescente conlleva la vulnerabilidad a mayores condiciones de pobreza, y de exclusión a derechos y beneficios otorgados por el sistema educacional, fundamentándolo en el análisis de las bases de datos de la CASEN 2006 y 2009. (shrink)

This study aimed to adapt the Flourishing Scale to a Chilean high school context and provide evidence of its validity. Data were collected from 1,348 students from three different Chilean schools. The results of confirmatory factor analysis supported a one–factor solution, multiple–group CFA supported gender invariance, and structural equation model indicated that the FS is related to positive and negative academic feelings. Overall, the evidence indicates that the Flourishing Scale adapted to the high school context is an instrument that produces (...) valid and reliable scores in our high school Chilean sample. (shrink)

Women oppression is a universal reality. She is a victim, the exploited, the dominated and the other. As a postcolonial thinker, I argue that Filipino women have been victims of the movement of social dialectics. As Philippine society evolved and developed, she had been a victim not only of male domination but also of political economy. This research shows how female subordination and male domination emerged in the Philippines. As such, it contends that there is a blurring identity of Filipino (...) women -that is, Filipino women as situated in the neocolonial period - are victims of political economy and male domination. (shrink)

Neste trabalho, pretendemos avaliar criticamente algumas das teses de John McDowellsobre a natureza da virtude, tal como expostas em seu artigo “Virtue and Reason” e, ao fazê-lo,expor algumas de suas limitações. Mais especificamente, tratarei o que vejo como problemas emsua apresentação da virtude como uma forma de conhecimento, e sua proposta – corporificada natese da unidade das virtudes – de que as virtudes comumente reconhecidas deveriam ser vistascomo manifestações parciais da virtude enquanto tal. Também enfocarei a assertiva de McDowellde que (...) o conhecimento que constitui a virtude não pode ser visto como tendo um conteúdoproposicional que se preste a uma codificação em princípios de conduta – a tese de nãocodificabilidade– e a relação da postura pessoal de McDowell com a empreitada mais ampla daética de virtudes. (shrink)

In a seminal work, Tversky and Kahneman showed that in some contexts people tend to believe that a conjunction of events (e.g., Linda is a bank teller and is active in the feminist movement) is more likely to occur than one of the conjuncts (e.g., Linda is a bank teller). This belief violates the conjunction rule in probability theory. Tversky and Kahneman called this phenomenon the “conjunction fallacy”. Since the discovery of the phenomenon in 1983, researchers in psychology and philosophy (...) have engaged in important controversies around the conjunction fallacy. The goal of this paper is to explore the most important of these controversies, namely, the controversy about the nature of the conjunction fallacy. Is the conjunction fallacy mainly due to a misunderstanding of the problem by participants (misunderstanding hypothesis) or is it mainly due to a genuine reasoning bias (reasoning bias hypothesis)? A substantial portion of research on the topic has been directed to test the misunderstanding hypothesis. I review this literature and argue that a stronger case can be made against the misunderstanding hypothesis. Thus, I indirectly provide support for the reasoning bias hypothesis. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar como o reconhecimento de uma “virada retórica” em Nietzsche resulta em uma demarcada “tensão” que caracteriza certa ambiguidade acerca da linguagem em seu pensamento. Deste modo, no âmbito de apresentar essa mobilização em Nietzsche no interior da discussão sobre a linguagem, examinamos três aspectos fundamentais desse direcionamento àquilo que constitui uma _impossibilidade semântica_: primeiro, identificamos a chamada “virada retórica”; em segundo lugar, aprofundamos o tema a partir da análise da adesão de Nietzsche à tese (...) de Gustav Gerber de que a retórica é a “essência” da linguagem; e, em terceiro lugar, perscrutamos a legitimidade da distinção entre linguagem própria e linguagem imprópria. Portanto, essa _problematização da linguagem_ realizada por Nietzsche aparece desdobrada ao longo de sua obra e pode ser observada a partir da heterogeneidade da discursividade que seus escritos tardios contemplam. (shrink)

In this paper I suggest that in order to avoid some of the difficulties to which the contemporary discussion on the transcendental arguments has led we must discriminate different ways of understanding the sceptic’s challenge that Kant faces in the Critique of Pure Reason. In the first part, I expound a dilemma into which the Kantian epistemology could fall if we accept the characterization of the transcendental arguments as anti-sceptic arguments. In the second part, I present three ways of understanding (...) the sceptic’s challenge and the different strategies that could be developed to answer it correctly. (shrink)

Within the banking community, the argument about sustainability and profitability tends to be inversely related. Our research suggests this does not need to be strictly the case. We present a credit score system based on sustainability issues, which is used as criteria to improve financial institutions’ lending policies. The Sustainability Credit Score System is based on the analytic hierarchy process methodology. Its first implementation is on the agricultural industry in Brazil. Three different firm development paths are identified: business as usual, (...) sustainable business, and future sustainable business. The following six dimensions are present in the SCSS: economic growth, environmental protection, social progress, socio-economic development, eco-efficiency, and socio-environmental development. The results suggest that sustainability is not inversely related to profit either from a short- or long-term perspective. The SCSS is related to the Equator Principles, but its application is not driven to project financing. It also deals with short- and long-term risks and opportunities, instead of short-term sustainability impacts. (shrink)

Uma exegese filosófica da problemática do niilismo na obra de Cioran, partindo de uma análise lexicográfica dos usos discursivos deste conceito, mas sem se limitar a ele (que está longe de ter um estatuto privilegiado no discurso cioraniano). Levando em conta a reviravolta que marca uma cisão no âmago da obra de Cioran, na transição entre seus escritos romenos e franceses, e combinando à lexicografia um procedimento propriamente hermenêutico do tema do niilismo, conclui-se com uma reflexão sobre o nexo entre (...) niilismo e humor na obra francesa de Cioran, notadamente em Silogismos da amargura (1952), em contraste com o niilismo da “seriedade infinita” (sinônimo de desespero) que caracteriza a sua obra romena. (shrink)

In a recent paper in this journal, David Chalmers introduced the meta-problem of consciousness as “the problem of explaining why we think consciousness poses a hard problem” (Chalmers, 2018, p. 6). A solution to the meta-problem could shed light on the hard problem of consciousness. In particular, it would be relevant to elucidate whether people’s problem intuitions (i.e. intuitions holding that conscious experience cannot be reduced to physical processes) are driven by factors related to the nature of consciousness, or rather (...) by factors that are independent of consciousness. Whether people hold problem intuitions, and what factors drive those intuitions, are largely empirical questions. However, there is a lack of empirical research on these issues to date. The results of four studies will show that (1) problem intuitions are not widespread, and (2) when they arise, they do so because of factors that are unrelated to the nature of consciousness. This suggests that consciousness is, after all, not so problematic. (shrink)

It is generally assumed that emotion concepts are purely descriptive. However, recent investigations suggest that the concept of happiness includes information about the morality of the agent's life. In this study, we argue that normative influences on emotion concepts are not restricted to happiness and are not about moral norms. In a series of studies, we show that emotion attribution is influenced by whether the agent's psychological and bodily states fit the situation in which they are experienced. People consider that (...) emotions are not just about feeling in certain ways, but also about feeling the right way. (shrink)

In order to understand consciousness one would benefit from developing a more eclectic intellectual style. Consciousness is, as proposed by almost everyone except the stubborn reductionists, a truly mysterious concept. Its study and dissection merits a multidisciplinary approach. Waving this multidisciplinary flag has positively enlarged the discussion and neurologists, psychiatrists, mathematicians, and so on, have moved to the philosophy of mind arena, first with caution and now with a more powerful voice. Identifying what we mean by consciousness is a first (...) step even when we want to deny its existence. The link between consciousness and some other mental activity is a logical next step and there is abundant literature doing this, but not all of them differentiate among associated yet different phenomena. (shrink)

This article reads some familiar examples of contemporary visual arts, such as Cindy Sherman, Mona Hatoum, Robert Gober, John Miller, Eva Hesse, Orlan and Robert Mapplethorpe, by engaging with diff...

In this article, we outline a simple and intuitively appealing procedure to derive default priors. The main idea is to regard the choice of such a prior as a formal Bayesian decision problem. We also discuss Jeffreys prior and more generally the reference prior of Bernardo (J R Stat Soc B 41:113–147, 1979) from this standpoint.

_ Source: _Volume 48, Issue 1, pp 1 - 28 This paper is an attempt to think through Derrida’s newly discovered _Geschlecht III_, the third and missing installment of Derrida’s four part series on Heidegger and _Geschlecht_. I argue that Derrida’s reading of Heidegger in _Geschlecht III_ needs to be situated within the philosophico-political context of Derrida’s 1984–85 seminar—given under the general title _Philosophical Nationality and Nationalism_—from which _Geschlecht III_ is extracted. In the first part of the paper, I reconstruct (...) Derrida’s general problematic of national-humanism as he lays it out in the opening sessions of the seminar, before arriving at his reading of Heidegger, who will be part of “a sequence of German national-philosophism,” as Derrida calls it. In the second part, the paper turns explicitly to _Geschlecht III_ where, as I show, Derrida’s thoroughgoing denunciation of a national-humanism in Heidegger becomes all the more telling when seen through the theoretical matrix of the seminar. (shrink)

Aesthetics and communications theories are often applied to art, media and popular culture but not within legal empirical (audiovisual) material—despite the fact that a judicial and legal process comprises a palpable utilisation of the visual as evidence of an historical reality. Based on four distinct Swedish cases, this study analyses the court’s reasoning, interpretation and use of (audio)visual evidence. Inspired by an embodied film theory, Benjamin’s thoughts on the technical-dramaturgical components of the camera and the later Barthes’ notion of the (...) ‘punctum’, the article discusses how (audio)visual evidence cannot be disconnected from affective and aesthetic significances that ultimately can be taken to affect the perception of truth and (the crime’s) reality. The gap between theory and practice is debated and argued as beginning to co-exist; instead of seeing (visual) theory and (judicial) practice as a dichotomy, an attempt should be made for a conversation between seemingly different but in practice related areas of knowledge. The author’s aim is to suggest that photographic and filmic evidence has a particular significance in itself, which means that the relation between (judicial) interpretation and outcome should be considered within an affective and aesthetic dimension, rather than being placed and/or theorized outside of it. (shrink)

La Universidad Bolivariana (UB), en su continua búsqueda de conocimientos innovadores, relevantes y actuales, viene trabajando con la Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), de Brasil, en el Programa de investigación titulado “Ocio, Tiempo libre y Recreación en Latino América: Desafíos para el siglo XXI / Lazer na América Latina: Desafios para o século XXI”. A partir de este Convenio de Cooperación UB-UFMG es que desde el Grupo de Investigación OTIUM: Lazer, Brasil & América Latina, de la..

This article was compiled from a bibliographic review and aims to: analyze what a concept is; present the two main approaches by which leisure and recreation are understood in Latin America, expanding thus the possibilities for new meanings to these concepts; and discuss the alternatives that these concepts -from a new perspective- can provide to the construction of participative, solidary and sustainable societies. In conclusion, it's emphasized that most of the concepts of leisure and recreation widespread in Latin America , (...) were formulated in other contexts, showing to be insufficient and inappropriate to the problems, contradictions and potentialities of this region. That is why they need new approaches and resignificances. Understanding leisure as a dimension of culture outlines the need to promote a critical/creative education by and for a non-hegemonic leisure, which rescues and appreciates cultural diversity as one of the key elements for social transformation. (shrink)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo principal el repensar el ocio en las sociedades contemporáneas latinoamericanas, buscando generar aportes para su resignificación. Para esto, el ocio es abordado considerando sus vínculos con las emergentes realidades de la actualidad. Se empieza construyendo definiciones de lo que se entiende por ocio, basándose en los desarrollos teóricos ya existentes. Ampliando la perspectiva, se realiza un análisis crítico de la forma en que el ocio es percibido en el imaginario social latinoamericano actual. Posteriormente se analizan (...) los avances y retrocesos sociales como indicadores que expresan la situación actual del ocio. Para concluir se elabora una primera propuesta en la cual el ocio será resignificado buscando la posibilidad de construir nuevos conocimientos y prácticas para un aprendizaje comprometido con la transformación social. (shrink)

Depuis le début des années 1990 un groupe de chercheurs catalans, réunis autour de Cristina Borderías dans le groupe « Treball, Institucions i Gènere » (TIG) de l’université de Barcelone, a profondément renouvelé les approches de l’histoire du travail en Espagne en y intégrant l’approche de genre sans pour autant renoncer aux acquis de l’héritage historiographique marxiste. Ce livre, quatrième d’une collection qui rend compte des recherches du collectif, est un exemple particulièrement intére...

El artículo examina dos concepciones de la imagen de la filosofía clásica, para ensayar una relectura de la aparición digital o “imagen-pixel”. De Platón se considera la idea de imagen como symploké de ser y no ser: la imagen, como una piel diáfana que acompaña a las cosas, se desprende, cual fina película, de las cosas mismas y puede ser inscrita sobre una superficie. De Aristóteles se examina el concepto de lo diáfano, una potencia común a todos los cuerpos, la (...) que opera como instancia intermediaria para la emergencia de lo visible. Ambas concepciones ayudan a comprender la radicalidad de la imagen digital, entendida como una modalidad inmanente del ‘aparecer’ que no se inscribe sobre ninguna superficie ni medio, llevándonos a pensar en la figura de un nuevo diáfano hipermedial. This article examines two conceptions around the image of classical philosophy, in order to rehearse a re-reading of the digital appearance or “image-pixel”. From Plato, we consider the idea of the image as symploke of being and not being: the image, as a translucent skin that accompanies all things, comes off, like a fine film, from those same things, and can be inscribed on a surface. From Aristotle, the concept of the diaphanous is examined, a common potency to everything, which operates as an intermediary instance for the emergence of the visible things. Both concepts help to understand the radical nature of the digital image, understood as an immanent modality of the ‘appearance’ that is not inscribed on any surface or support, leading us to think of the figure of a hyper-medial new diaphaneity. (shrink)

This paper elaborates on the link between different types and degrees of experience that can be gone through within a form of life or collectivity—the so-called levels of immersion—and the development of distinct types of tacit knowledge and expertise. The framework is then probed empirically and theoretically. In the first case, its ‘predictions’ are compared with the accounts of novices who have gone through different ‘learning opportunities’ during a pre-operational training programme for running a huge nickel industrial plant in Brazil. (...) These are also analysed vis-à-vis the experience of an expert who has designed and experienced the outcomes of two pre-operational training sessions in the nickel industry before developing and managing the one discussed here. Theoretically, the framework is used to pinpoint exactly what interactional experts who have developed their expertise through linguistic socialisation alone are able to do as well as to analyse the case of technical connoisseurs. The results indicate that the proposed framework is useful. It supports the design and improvement of training programmes for the development of tacit knowledge while at the same time bringing about a refined analysis of claims concerning the abilities of types of experts and expertise. (shrink)

How can we identify and estimate workers’ tacit knowledge? How can we design a personnel mix aimed at improving and speeding up its transfer and development? How is it possible to implement tacit knowledge sustainable projects in remote areas? In order to answer these questions, it is necessary to distinguish between types of tacit knowledge, to establish what they allow for and to consider their sources. It is also essential to find a way of managing the tacit knowledge ‘stock’ and (...) distribution within the workforce. In short, a conceptual framework is needed to manage tacit knowledge. Based on previous works and 2 years of action research, this paper introduces such a framework and describes its partial application to support the pre-operational training and hiring in a large industrial plant in Brazil. Two contributions emerge from the research. First, the concept of ‘levels of similarity’ is introduced as a means to qualify the experience of workers and estimate the associated tacit knowledge. Second, the capability of carrying out three types of judgement properly and speedily is put forward as being a core ability of those who possess what has been called ‘collective tacit knowledge’ (Collins in Organ Stud 28(2):257–262, 2007). In practical terms, the results indicate the opportunity for companies to capitalize on the experience and tacit knowledge of their workers in a systematic way and with due recognition. Ultimately, positive impacts are expected in their absorptive capacity as well as in their management and human resources systems, accident prevention, productivity and the development of sustainable projects in remote areas. (shrink)

Nuestra investigación indaga sobre las posibilidades de establecer una lectura ontológico-relacional de la obra de Giordano Bruno, a partir de “La lámpara de las treinta estatuas” (Lampas triginta statuarum). La particularidad de esta obra, escrita en Wittenberg en 1587, reside en la exposición de la producción ontológica de las modalidades que surgen a partir de la relación entre lo infinito y lo finito por medio de estatuas o representaciones figurativas. Nuestra hipótesis consiste en exponer la matriz ontológico-relacional del pensamiento bruniano (...) y la riqueza expresiva de las modalidades que se reflejan a partir del concepto de relación y su representación figurativa bajo la figura del Demogorgon. En efecto, consideramos que se trata de una clave de interpretación factible para comprender la complejidad de los vínculos entre trascendencia e inmanencia en el pensamiento filosófico de Bruno. Para ello, analizaremos en primer lugar los conceptos que componen la tríada Alma del Mundo, Espíritu e Intelecto Primero, tal como se exponen en Lampas triginta statuarum. Luego exponemos el entramado relacional de estos conceptos con el objetivo de enfatizar los aspectos fundamentales de la inmanencia en la obra de Bruno. Por último, abordamos la noción de relacióncomo categoría que permite unificar los distintos aspectos de la inmanencia en la cosmología bruniana a partir de la figura mitológica del Demogorgon. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo, utilizaremos el concepto althusseriano de problemática para repensar al estructuralismo. Nuestra pregunta será: ¿cómo comprender al estructuralismo? ¿Cómo indicar sus límites cuando se trató de un conjunto de propuestas teóricas que atravesó disciplinas, que sufrió cruces con diversas teorías y cuyas premisas nunca fueron establecidas con claridad? A partir del concepto de problemática, desarrollado por Althusser fundamentalmente en La revolución teórica de Marx, se nos abrirá la posibilidad de interrogar al conjunto de propuestas teóricas que lo (...) conformaron, no tanto como un canon aplicable a las más diversas materias sino como un espacio teórico atravesado por contradicciones. Así, nos apoyaremos en la noción de problemática porque la consideramos particularmente fértil para pensar un campo teórico más como un conjunto de problemas y preguntas que como un compendio de respuestas a dificultades teóricas claramente delimitadas.Pretendemos destacar las contradicciones que vertebran al estructuralismo porque nos conducirán a plantear que es posible emplazar una distancia en su interior, distancia que mostrará como una de sus variantes aquella que afirma la imposibilidad de pensar una estructura de estructuras final que las totalice a todas. Este hecho es el que nos pondrá delante cómo las tensiones internas del estructuralismo permiten mostrar el modo en que algunas de sus propuestas balizan el camino del posestructuralismo. (shrink)